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双语阅读：中国离婚率为什么一直攀升？
英语阅读 • 樱桃小丸子 发表了文章 • 0 个评论 • 3426 次浏览 • 2017-07-19 16:48
With his slick navy suit， silver watch and non-stop smoking， Yu Feng is an unlikely ambassador for Chinese family values。 The office from which he operates， in Chongqing in western China， looks more like a sitting room， with grey sofas， cream curtains and large windows looking out on the city’s skyscrapers。 Women visit him here and plead for help。 They want him to persuade their husbands to dump their mistresses。
身着华丽的海军服，手戴名贵的银表，宇峰一根接一根不停的抽烟。他绝不是一位具有中国家庭观念的人。他的办公室位于中国西部的重庆市，办公室里有灰色的沙发，悬挂奶油色窗帘，高大的窗户外是重庆的摩天大厦，这里看起来更像是一间休息室。妇女进进出出，向他寻求帮助。她们希望宇峰劝说自己的丈夫抛弃情妇。
Mr Yu worked in family law and then marriage counselling before starting his business in 2007。 He charges scorned wives 100，000-500，000 yuan （$15，000-75，000）； cases usually take 7-8 months。 He befriends both the two-timing husband and the mistress， encouraging them to find fault with each other， and gradually reveals that he has messed up his own life by being unfaithful。 Most clients are in their 30s and early 40s。 “This is the want， buy， get generation，” he says； sex is a part of China’s new materialism。 But changing sexual mores and a rocketing divorce rate have prompted soul-searching about the decline of family ties。 Mr Yu claims a 90% success rate。
宇先生曾就职于婚姻家庭法部门，在2007年创业前还当过婚姻咨询师。每名妇女来这里要支付10万到50万元（1.5万-7.5万美元）费用，每次侦查要花7到8个月时间。他同时与出轨男人及其情妇交往，不断向两人相互抱怨对方的不是，慢慢的挑明男子背叛家庭的事实。大多数客户年龄都在30到40出头间。“这是一个金钱至上的时代，”他说道。性已成为中国一种新的物质。不过，不断变化的性观念及急剧上涨的离婚率引发了人们对家庭关系衰落的深思。宇先生称自己每次都有90%的成功率。
The ernai， literally meaning “second wife”， is increasingly common。 So many rich men indulge that Chinese media sometimes blame extramarital relationships for helping to inflate property prices： some city apartment complexes are notorious for housing clusters of mistresses， paid for by their lovers， who often provide a living allowance too。
“二奶”，也就是“男人的情妇”如今比比皆是。大批富豪放纵自己，中国媒体有时候甚至认为婚外情是房价疯涨的导火索：城市里一些公寓是情妇的聚集区，臭名远扬。她们的爱人买下这些楼，同时为其提供生活费。
It is not just businessmen who keep mistresses： President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign has revealed that many government officials do too。 According to news reports Zhou Yongkang， the most senior person toppled by the current anti-graft crusade， had multiple paramours； former railways minister Liu Zhijun is rumoured to have kept 18。
不止生意人养二奶，习主席的反腐运动揪出的许多高官亦是如此。据新闻报道，周永康是目前反腐运动落马的最高官员，他包养多名情妇。前铁道部长刘志军据说包养了18个情妇。
China has a long history of adultery。 In imperial times wealthy men kept multiple concubines as well as a wife； prostitution was mostly tolerated， both by the state and by wives （who had little choice）。 Married women， in contrast， were expected to be chaste。 After 1950 concubines were outlawed and infidelity deemed a bourgeois vice。 Even in the 1980s few people had sex with anyone other than their spouse or spouse-to-be。
中国私通历史很长。封建年代，有钱的男人可以同时娶妻纳妾；卖淫也是合法行为。而已婚妇女则必须保持贞节。1950年后，法律禁止纳妾，人们认为对婚姻不忠是资产阶级罪恶的行为。不过即使到了上世纪八十年代，依旧有人和除妻子或未婚妻的异性发生性关系。
Over the past 30 years， however， sexual mores have loosened and more young Chinese are having sex with more partners and at a younger age。 Some clearly continue to wander after marriage。 Some 20% of married men and women are unfaithful， according to a survey of 80，000 people in 2015 by researchers at Peking University。
不过，过去30年内，性观念逐步解放，中国越来越多的年轻人和多人发生性关系。有些人甚至婚后还朝三暮四。北京大学(分数线,专业设置)2015年发布一份针对8万人的调查显示，8万人中有约20%的已婚男女都不忠于对方。
“Meanwhile， the problems of obesity and poor eyesight have a lot to do with lack of exercise， which is associated with the heavy study burden and changing lifestyle， such as the popularization of electronic devices at an early age，” Liao said。
从多方面来说，婚姻不忠是经济发展的产物。人们日益将自己的欲望至于家庭责任或名声之上。教育水平提升，生活水平提高，这为人们的行为提供了财务自由。大多数的中国夫妻在婚后几乎没有机会在社交场合结识异性。但是外出打工致使许多夫妻分居。即使他们一起生活，发达的社交媒体使得人们更容易陷入日益增加的诱惑中。
Businesses like Mr Yu’s indicate that not all spouses see affairs as an unpardonable offence。 But surveys also suggest that infidelity is the “number one marriage killer”。 Last year 3.8m couples split， more than double the number a decade earlier。 China’s annual divorce rate is 2.8 per 1，000 people （also double that a decade ago）。 That is not quite as high as America’s 3.2， but higher than in most of Europe。 That may be partly because Chinese people are more likely to get hitched in the first place： the law strongly discourages people from having children outside marriage。 Even so， Chinese families are fraying fast。
宇先生的职业表明，并非所有的夫妻都认为出轨是一件不可饶恕的罪行。不过调查显示不忠是“第一大婚姻杀手”。去年有380万对夫妻离婚，这个数字是十年前的两倍多。中国的平均离婚率是千分之2.8（是十年前的两倍），尽管低于美国的千分之3.2，但却高于欧洲大多数国家。部分原因是中国人喜欢“试婚”，法律强烈反对人们婚外生子。即便如此，中国家庭还是散得很快。
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身着华丽的海军服，手戴名贵的银表，宇峰一根接一根不停的抽烟。他绝不是一位具有中国家庭观念的人。他的办公室位于中国西部的重庆市，办公室里有灰色的沙发，悬挂奶油色窗帘，高大的窗户外是重庆的摩天大厦，这里看起来更像是一间休息室。妇女进进出出，向他寻求帮助。她们希望宇峰劝说自己的丈夫抛弃情妇。
Mr Yu worked in family law and then marriage counselling before starting his business in 2007。 He charges scorned wives 100，000-500，000 yuan （$15，000-75，000）； cases usually take 7-8 months。 He befriends both the two-timing husband and the mistress， encouraging them to find fault with each other， and gradually reveals that he has messed up his own life by being unfaithful。 Most clients are in their 30s and early 40s。 “This is the want， buy， get generation，” he says； sex is a part of China’s new materialism。 But changing sexual mores and a rocketing divorce rate have prompted soul-searching about the decline of family ties。 Mr Yu claims a 90% success rate。
宇先生曾就职于婚姻家庭法部门，在2007年创业前还当过婚姻咨询师。每名妇女来这里要支付10万到50万元（1.5万-7.5万美元）费用，每次侦查要花7到8个月时间。他同时与出轨男人及其情妇交往，不断向两人相互抱怨对方的不是，慢慢的挑明男子背叛家庭的事实。大多数客户年龄都在30到40出头间。“这是一个金钱至上的时代，”他说道。性已成为中国一种新的物质。不过，不断变化的性观念及急剧上涨的离婚率引发了人们对家庭关系衰落的深思。宇先生称自己每次都有90%的成功率。
The ernai， literally meaning “second wife”， is increasingly common。 So many rich men indulge that Chinese media sometimes blame extramarital relationships for helping to inflate property prices： some city apartment complexes are notorious for housing clusters of mistresses， paid for by their lovers， who often provide a living allowance too。
“二奶”，也就是“男人的情妇”如今比比皆是。大批富豪放纵自己，中国媒体有时候甚至认为婚外情是房价疯涨的导火索：城市里一些公寓是情妇的聚集区，臭名远扬。她们的爱人买下这些楼，同时为其提供生活费。
It is not just businessmen who keep mistresses： President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign has revealed that many government officials do too。 According to news reports Zhou Yongkang， the most senior person toppled by the current anti-graft crusade， had multiple paramours； former railways minister Liu Zhijun is rumoured to have kept 18。
不止生意人养二奶，习主席的反腐运动揪出的许多高官亦是如此。据新闻报道，周永康是目前反腐运动落马的最高官员，他包养多名情妇。前铁道部长刘志军据说包养了18个情妇。
China has a long history of adultery。 In imperial times wealthy men kept multiple concubines as well as a wife； prostitution was mostly tolerated， both by the state and by wives （who had little choice）。 Married women， in contrast， were expected to be chaste。 After 1950 concubines were outlawed and infidelity deemed a bourgeois vice。 Even in the 1980s few people had sex with anyone other than their spouse or spouse-to-be。
中国私通历史很长。封建年代，有钱的男人可以同时娶妻纳妾；卖淫也是合法行为。而已婚妇女则必须保持贞节。1950年后，法律禁止纳妾，人们认为对婚姻不忠是资产阶级罪恶的行为。不过即使到了上世纪八十年代，依旧有人和除妻子或未婚妻的异性发生性关系。
Over the past 30 years， however， sexual mores have loosened and more young Chinese are having sex with more partners and at a younger age。 Some clearly continue to wander after marriage。 Some 20% of married men and women are unfaithful， according to a survey of 80，000 people in 2015 by researchers at Peking University。
不过，过去30年内，性观念逐步解放，中国越来越多的年轻人和多人发生性关系。有些人甚至婚后还朝三暮四。北京大学(分数线,专业设置)2015年发布一份针对8万人的调查显示，8万人中有约20%的已婚男女都不忠于对方。
“Meanwhile， the problems of obesity and poor eyesight have a lot to do with lack of exercise， which is associated with the heavy study burden and changing lifestyle， such as the popularization of electronic devices at an early age，” Liao said。
从多方面来说，婚姻不忠是经济发展的产物。人们日益将自己的欲望至于家庭责任或名声之上。教育水平提升，生活水平提高，这为人们的行为提供了财务自由。大多数的中国夫妻在婚后几乎没有机会在社交场合结识异性。但是外出打工致使许多夫妻分居。即使他们一起生活，发达的社交媒体使得人们更容易陷入日益增加的诱惑中。
Businesses like Mr Yu’s indicate that not all spouses see affairs as an unpardonable offence。 But surveys also suggest that infidelity is the “number one marriage killer”。 Last year 3.8m couples split， more than double the number a decade earlier。 China’s annual divorce rate is 2.8 per 1，000 people （also double that a decade ago）。 That is not quite as high as America’s 3.2， but higher than in most of Europe。 That may be partly because Chinese people are more likely to get hitched in the first place： the law strongly discourages people from having children outside marriage。 Even so， Chinese families are fraying fast。
宇先生的职业表明，并非所有的夫妻都认为出轨是一件不可饶恕的罪行。不过调查显示不忠是“第一大婚姻杀手”。去年有380万对夫妻离婚，这个数字是十年前的两倍多。中国的平均离婚率是千分之2.8（是十年前的两倍），尽管低于美国的千分之3.2，但却高于欧洲大多数国家。部分原因是中国人喜欢“试婚”，法律强烈反对人们婚外生子。即便如此，中国家庭还是散得很快。
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With his slick navy suit， silver watch and non-stop smoking， Yu Feng is an unlikely ambassador for Chinese family values。 The office from which he operates， in Chongqing in western China， looks more like a sitting room， with grey sofas， cream curtains and large windows looking out on the city’s skyscrapers。 Women visit him here and plead for help。 They want him to persuade their husbands to dump their mistresses。
身着华丽的海军服，手戴名贵的银表，宇峰一根接一根不停的抽烟。他绝不是一位具有中国家庭观念的人。他的办公室位于中国西部的重庆市，办公室里有灰色的沙发，悬挂奶油色窗帘，高大的窗户外是重庆的摩天大厦，这里看起来更像是一间休息室。妇女进进出出，向他寻求帮助。她们希望宇峰劝说自己的丈夫抛弃情妇。
Mr Yu worked in family law and then marriage counselling before starting his business in 2007。 He charges scorned wives 100，000-500，000 yuan （$15，000-75，000）； cases usually take 7-8 months。 He befriends both the two-timing husband and the mistress， encouraging them to find fault with each other， and gradually reveals that he has messed up his own life by being unfaithful。 Most clients are in their 30s and early 40s。 “This is the want， buy， get generation，” he says； sex is a part of China’s new materialism。 But changing sexual mores and a rocketing divorce rate have prompted soul-searching about the decline of family ties。 Mr Yu claims a 90% success rate。
宇先生曾就职于婚姻家庭法部门，在2007年创业前还当过婚姻咨询师。每名妇女来这里要支付10万到50万元（1.5万-7.5万美元）费用，每次侦查要花7到8个月时间。他同时与出轨男人及其情妇交往，不断向两人相互抱怨对方的不是，慢慢的挑明男子背叛家庭的事实。大多数客户年龄都在30到40出头间。“这是一个金钱至上的时代，”他说道。性已成为中国一种新的物质。不过，不断变化的性观念及急剧上涨的离婚率引发了人们对家庭关系衰落的深思。宇先生称自己每次都有90%的成功率。
The ernai， literally meaning “second wife”， is increasingly common。 So many rich men indulge that Chinese media sometimes blame extramarital relationships for helping to inflate property prices： some city apartment complexes are notorious for housing clusters of mistresses， paid for by their lovers， who often provide a living allowance too。
“二奶”，也就是“男人的情妇”如今比比皆是。大批富豪放纵自己，中国媒体有时候甚至认为婚外情是房价疯涨的导火索：城市里一些公寓是情妇的聚集区，臭名远扬。她们的爱人买下这些楼，同时为其提供生活费。
It is not just businessmen who keep mistresses： President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign has revealed that many government officials do too。 According to news reports Zhou Yongkang， the most senior person toppled by the current anti-graft crusade， had multiple paramours； former railways minister Liu Zhijun is rumoured to have kept 18。
不止生意人养二奶，习主席的反腐运动揪出的许多高官亦是如此。据新闻报道，周永康是目前反腐运动落马的最高官员，他包养多名情妇。前铁道部长刘志军据说包养了18个情妇。
China has a long history of adultery。 In imperial times wealthy men kept multiple concubines as well as a wife； prostitution was mostly tolerated， both by the state and by wives （who had little choice）。 Married women， in contrast， were expected to be chaste。 After 1950 concubines were outlawed and infidelity deemed a bourgeois vice。 Even in the 1980s few people had sex with anyone other than their spouse or spouse-to-be。
中国私通历史很长。封建年代，有钱的男人可以同时娶妻纳妾；卖淫也是合法行为。而已婚妇女则必须保持贞节。1950年后，法律禁止纳妾，人们认为对婚姻不忠是资产阶级罪恶的行为。不过即使到了上世纪八十年代，依旧有人和除妻子或未婚妻的异性发生性关系。
Over the past 30 years， however， sexual mores have loosened and more young Chinese are having sex with more partners and at a younger age。 Some clearly continue to wander after marriage。 Some 20% of married men and women are unfaithful， according to a survey of 80，000 people in 2015 by researchers at Peking University。
不过，过去30年内，性观念逐步解放，中国越来越多的年轻人和多人发生性关系。有些人甚至婚后还朝三暮四。北京大学(分数线,专业设置)2015年发布一份针对8万人的调查显示，8万人中有约20%的已婚男女都不忠于对方。
“Meanwhile， the problems of obesity and poor eyesight have a lot to do with lack of exercise， which is associated with the heavy study burden and changing lifestyle， such as the popularization of electronic devices at an early age，” Liao said。
从多方面来说，婚姻不忠是经济发展的产物。人们日益将自己的欲望至于家庭责任或名声之上。教育水平提升，生活水平提高，这为人们的行为提供了财务自由。大多数的中国夫妻在婚后几乎没有机会在社交场合结识异性。但是外出打工致使许多夫妻分居。即使他们一起生活，发达的社交媒体使得人们更容易陷入日益增加的诱惑中。
Businesses like Mr Yu’s indicate that not all spouses see affairs as an unpardonable offence。 But surveys also suggest that infidelity is the “number one marriage killer”。 Last year 3.8m couples split， more than double the number a decade earlier。 China’s annual divorce rate is 2.8 per 1，000 people （also double that a decade ago）。 That is not quite as high as America’s 3.2， but higher than in most of Europe。 That may be partly because Chinese people are more likely to get hitched in the first place： the law strongly discourages people from having children outside marriage。 Even so， Chinese families are fraying fast。
宇先生的职业表明，并非所有的夫妻都认为出轨是一件不可饶恕的罪行。不过调查显示不忠是“第一大婚姻杀手”。去年有380万对夫妻离婚，这个数字是十年前的两倍多。中国的平均离婚率是千分之2.8（是十年前的两倍），尽管低于美国的千分之3.2，但却高于欧洲大多数国家。部分原因是中国人喜欢“试婚”，法律强烈反对人们婚外生子。即便如此，中国家庭还是散得很快。
英语演讲：鲍勃.迪伦诺贝尔获奖感言
英语演讲 • cara_wu 发表了文章 • 0 个评论 • 3449 次浏览 • 2017-07-18 15:13
2016年诺贝尔奖颁奖仪式10日在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm, Sweden）举行。
令人遗憾的是，万众期待的文学奖得主鲍勃?迪伦上台领奖发表感言的画面并没有出现。
虽然缺席典礼，但他亲笔写了一篇演讲稿，由美国驻瑞典大使（US ambassador to Sweden）代为朗读。
今年10月，瑞典皇家学院宣布鲍勃?迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖，引来一片喝彩声和质疑声，很多人都问：
"Is Bob Dylan literature?"
“鲍勃?迪伦写的东西算文学吗？”
在获奖感言中，冷静的迪伦直面了这个质疑，以同样为舞台写作（writing for the stage）的莎士比亚为例，做了类比：
When he was writing Hamlet, I’m sure he was thinking about a lot of different things: ‘Who’re the right actors for these roles? How should this be staged? Do I really want to set this in Denmark?’ ... I would bet that the farthest thing from Shakespeare’s mind was the question: ‘Is this literature?’
当他在写《哈姆雷特》时候，他一定在想这些问题，“谁适合演这些角色？”“这段要怎么在舞台上展现出来？”“故事背景真的应该设在丹麦吗？”……我打赌莎士比亚最不可能思考的问题就是：“这是文学吗？”
鲍勃?迪伦诺贝尔获奖感言
鲍勃?迪伦获奖感言全文，来感受一下。
Good evening, everyone. I extend my warmest greetings to the members of the Swedish Academy and to all of the other distinguished guests in attendance tonight.
各位晚上好。我向瑞典学院的成员和今晚所有出席宴会的尊贵来宾致以最热烈的问候。
I'm sorry I can't be with you in person, but please know that I am most definitely with you in spirit and honored to be receiving such a prestigious prize. Being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature is something I never could have imagined or seen coming.
很抱歉我没能到现场与诸位共享此刻，但请相信，在精神上，我绝对与你们同在，我深感荣幸能获得如此声望卓著的奖项。 被授予诺贝尔文学奖，是我从未想象过也没有预见到的事情。
From an early age, I've been familiar with and reading and absorbing the works of those who were deemed worthy of such a distinction: Kipling, Shaw, Thomas Mann, Pearl Buck, Albert Camus, Hemingway. These giants of literature whose works are taught in the schoolroom, housed in libraries around the world and spoken of in reverent tones have always made a deep impression. That I now join the names on such a list is truly beyond words.
从小，我就熟悉、阅读并充分汲取那些被认为值得获得该项殊荣的人的作品，如吉卜林、萧伯纳、托马斯?曼、赛珍珠、加缪、海明威。这些文学巨匠的著作在学堂上被讲授、在世界各地图书馆中陈列、被被人们虔诚地谈论着，它们给我留下了深刻的印象。如今能加入这样的名列，我的心情无以言表。
I don't know if these men and women ever thought of the Nobel honor for themselves, but I suppose that anyone writing a book, or a poem, or a play anywhere in the world might harbor that secret dream deep down inside. It's probably buried so deep that they don't even know it's there.
我不知道，这些作家是否想过自己能获得诺奖，但我猜想世界上任何一个著书写诗、或创作戏剧的人，内心深处都怀揣着这个秘密的梦想。这梦想埋藏得如此之深以至于他们自己都没意识到它的存在。
If someone had ever told me that I had the slightest chance of winning the Nobel Prize, I would have to think that I'd have about the same odds as standing on the moon. In fact, during the year I was born and for a few years after, there wasn't anyone in the world who was considered good enough to win this Nobel Prize. So, I recognize that I am in very rare company, to say the least.
如果有人告诉我，我有那么一丝希望能获得诺奖，那我会认为这跟我能站在月球上的概率差不多。事实上，我出生的那一年和随后的那些年，世界上几乎没有人是完全值得诺贝尔奖的，所以，我想，至少可以说我现在属于一个非常少数的群体。
I was out on the road when I received this surprising news, and it took me more than a few minutes to properly process it. I began to think about William Shakespeare, the great literary figure. I would reckon he thought of himself as a dramatist. The thought that he was writing literature couldn't have entered his head. His words were written for the stage. Meant to be spoken not read.
我是在世界巡演的过程中得知这一令人惊讶的消息的，我花了好一会儿去消化它。然后，我联想到了莎士比亚这位文学伟人。我想他是把自己当一个写剧本的来看待的，他怎么也不会想到自己是在创作文学。他的文字是为舞台而生的，是为了言说而不是阅读。
When he was writing Hamlet, I'm sure he was thinking about a lot of different things: "Who're the right actors for these roles?" "How should this be staged?" "Do I really want to set this in Denmark?" His creative vision and ambitions were no doubt at the forefront of his mind, but there were also more mundane matters to consider and deal with. "Is the financing in place?" "Are there enough good seats for my patrons?" "Where am I going to get a human skull?" I would bet that the farthest thing from Shakespeare's mind was the question "Is this literature?"
在写《哈姆雷特》的时候，他一定在想这些问题，“谁适合演这些角色？”“这段要怎么在舞台上展现出来？”“故事背景真的要设在丹麦吗？”他富于创造的想象与野心毫无疑问是他思维最活跃的部分，但也有很多世俗琐事要考虑和处理。 “资金到位了吗？”“赞助人都能安排到好座位吗？”“到哪里能弄到人的头骨啊？”我打赌莎士比亚最不可能思考的问题就是：“这是文学吗？”
When I started writing songs as a teenager, and even as I started to achieve some renown for my abilities, my aspirations for these songs only went so far. I thought they could be heard in coffee houses or bars, maybe later in places like Carnegie Hall, the London Palladium. If I was really dreaming big, maybe I could imagine getting to make a record and then hearing my songs on the radio. That was really the big prize in my mind. Making records and hearing your songs on the radio meant that you were reaching a big audience and that you might get to keep doing what you had set out to do.
我少年时代开始写歌时，甚至当我因自己的才能而小有知名度时，我对这些歌曲的期待都十分很有限。我希望它们能在咖啡厅或酒吧被人听到，或者将来能在卡内基音乐厅，伦敦帕拉斯剧院这些地方被演唱。如果梦做得再大胆些，我希望我的音乐能被制作成唱片在电台播放，这真是我心目中最好的奖赏了。录唱片在电台播放意味着你能接触到更庞大的听众群体，而你也能按照自己的理想继续走下去。
Well, I've been doing what I set out to do for a long time, now. I've made dozens of records and played thousands of concerts all around the world. But it's my songs that are at the vital center of almost everything I do. They seemed to have found a place in the lives of many people throughout many different cultures and I'm grateful for that.
现在，我已经朝着自己规划的路走了很久了。我发行了几十张唱片，在全球举办了上千场演唱会。但我的歌曲才是我所做一切的核心，它们似乎在不同文化的各类人群中产生了影响，对此我无限感激。
But there's one thing I must say. As a performer I've played for 50,000 people and I've played for 50 people and I can tell you that it is harder to play for 50 people. 50,000 people have a singular persona, not so with 50. Each person has an individual, separate identity, a world unto themselves. They can perceive things more clearly. Your honesty and how it relates to the depth of your talent is tried. The fact that the Nobel committee is so small is not lost on me.
但有件事我必须要说，作为一个表演者，我为5万人演唱过，也为50人演唱过，而为50个人表演难度更高。因为5万人会融成单一人格，但50人不会。他们每个人都是一个鲜明的个体，不同的身份，自成一体。他们能更加清晰地感知事物。你的真诚以及它如何反应出你的才华和深度，都在经受考验。诺奖评委会的人数之少，我是清楚的。
But, like Shakespeare, I too am often occupied with the pursuit of my creative endeavors and dealing with all aspects of life's mundane matters. "Who are the best musicians for these songs?" "Am I recording in the right studio?" "Is this song in the right key?" Some things never change, even in 400 years.
然而，与莎士比亚一样，我常常被音乐创作和日常杂事占据了大部分时间精力，“谁最适合演唱这些歌？”“这个录音室录音效果好吗？”“这首歌的调子定对了吗？”就算过了400年，有些事也不会变的。
Not once have I ever had the time to ask myself, "Are my songs literature?"
但我从来没有时间问过自己：“我的歌算文学吗？”
So, I do thank the Swedish Academy, both for taking the time to consider that very question, and, ultimately, for providing such a wonderful answer.
所以，我真的要感谢瑞典文学院，不仅花时间思考这个问题，还最终给出了一个精彩的回答。
My best wishes to you all,
致以最好的祝福，
Bob Dylan
鲍勃?迪伦
迪伦没时间考虑自己的创作是否算是文学，所以只能由诺贝尔官方来为他辩护了。
在颁奖词中，诺贝尔皇家学院的Horace Engdahl教授用一篇充满力量、极尽赞誉的演讲回击了那些批评质疑的声音。
不愧是诺贝尔文学奖的颁奖词！这篇演讲稿文采斐然，如诗一般的语言，读来极有韵味，值得细品。
What brings about the great shifts in the world of literature? Often it is when someone seizes upon a simple, overlooked form, discounted as art in the higher sense, and makes it mutate.
什么会带来文学世界的巨变？通常，是一种简单、被人忽视，从更高意义来说被贬低为技艺的一种形式被某个人所掌握，并令其蜕变的时候。
Thus, at one point, emerged the modern novel from anecdote and letter, thus arose drama in a new age from high jinx on planks placed on barrels in a marketplace, thus songs in the vernacular dethroned learned Latin poetry, thus too did La Fontaine take animal fables and Hans Christian Andersen fairy tales from the nursery to Parnassian heights. Each time this occurs, our idea of literature changes.
于是，当代小说从奇闻轶事与日常通信脱颖而出，戏剧从站在市集木桶板上表演的杂耍发轫，拉丁诗文渐被方言歌谣取代，同样地，拉?方丹将动物寓言、安徒生把童话，从育婴室升华到高蹈派诗歌的高度。每一次变化的出现，我们对于文学的看法就随之发生改变。
In itself, it ought not to be a sensation that a singer/songwriter now stands recipient of the literary Nobel Prize. In a distant past, all poetry was sung or tunefully recited, poets were rhapsodes, bards, troubadours; 'lyrics' comes from 'lyre'.
本来，一位歌手或作曲家成为诺贝尔文学奖得主并不应该成为一个耸人听闻的事件。在久远的过去，所有的诗都是唱出来或是带着音调起伏诵读出来的。史诗吟诵者、游吟诗人、行吟诗人，他们就是诗人；而“歌词”一词就来源于“里尔琴”。
But what Bob Dylan did was not to return to the Greeks or the Proven?als. Instead, he dedicated himself body and soul to 20th century American popular music, the kind played on radio stations and gramophone records for ordinary people, white and black: protest songs, country, blues, early rock, gospel, mainstream music. He listened day and night, testing the stuff on his instruments, trying to learn. But when he started to write similar songs, they came out differently.
但鲍勃?迪伦所做的并非要回到古希腊或中古的普罗旺斯。相反，他全身心地投入于20世纪的美国流行音乐中，这些都是为普通人创作的音乐，不分人种，它们在广播电台和留声机唱片中播放：抗议歌曲、乡村音乐、蓝调、早期摇滚乐、福音音乐和主流音乐……他日夜聆听，用乐器弹奏，试着学习创作。当他开始写出类似的歌曲时，它们呈现出来的却是另一片天地。
In his hands, the material changed. From what he discovered in heirloom and scrap, in banal rhyme and quick wit, in curses and pious prayers, sweet nothings and crude jokes, he panned poetry gold, whether on purpose or by accident is irrelevant; all creativity begins in imitation.
在他的手中，这些素材发生了变化。从别人的传家宝与废弃之物中、从陈腐的韵律与机灵妙语中、从邪恶的诅咒和虔诚的祷告中、从甜言蜜语和粗鄙玩笑中，他淘出了诗歌的黄金。是有心还是无意，都无关紧要。所有的创作都始于模仿。
Even after fifty years of uninterrupted exposure, we are yet to absorb music's equivalent of the fable's Flying Dutchman. He makes good rhymes, said a critic, explaining greatness. And it is true. His rhyming is an alchemical substance that dissolves contexts to create new ones, scarcely containable by the human brain.
即使在50年的不断聆听之后，我们还未能完全领悟迪伦那些在音乐领域能与《漂泊的荷兰人》相媲美的歌曲。“他的旋律朗朗上口，”一位评论家如是解释他的伟大。没错。他的韵律就像是一剂炼金秘方，溶解现有的语境创造出人类大脑所难以容纳的新内容。
It was a shock. With the public expecting poppy folk songs, there stood a young man with a guitar, fusing the languages of the street and the bible into a compound that would have made the end of the world seem a superfluous replay.
多么震撼。当大众在期待着流行民谣的时候，一个年轻人手持吉他站在那儿，把街头俗语与圣经语言熔在一起，让世界末日看起来都像是多余的再现。
At the same time, he sang of love with a power of conviction everyone wants to own. All of a sudden, much of the bookish poetry in our world felt anaemic, and the routine song lyrics his colleagues continued to write were like old-fashioned gunpowder following the invention of dynamite. Soon, people stopped comparing him to Woody Guthrie and Hank Williams and turned instead to Blake, Rimbaud, Whitman, Shakespeare.
与此同时，他以一种人人想拥有的、令人信服的力量来歌颂爱。突然间，世间那些书面的诗词变得如此苍白无力，而他的同行们那些按部就班创作的词曲也仿佛成了随着炸药诞生而过时了的火器。很快，人们不再把他与伍迪?格思里和汉克?威廉姆斯这些音乐人相比，而是将他与威廉?布莱克（英国浪漫主义诗人）、阿蒂尔?兰波（法国象征主义诗人）、沃尔特?惠特曼（美国世人）和莎士比亚相提并论。
In the most unlikely setting of all - the commercial gramophone record - he gave back to the language of poetry its elevated style, lost since the Romantics. Not to sing of eternities, but to speak of what was happening around us. As if the oracle of Delphi were reading the evening news.
在商业化的黑胶唱片这一最不可能的条件中，他重新赋予诗歌语言以高昂的姿态，这是自浪漫主义时代之后便已失掉的风格。不为歌颂永恒，只在叙述我们的日常，好似德尔斐的神谕正向我们播报着晚间新闻。
Recognising that revolution by awarding Bob Dylan the Nobel Prize was a decision that seemed daring only beforehand and already seems obvious. But does he get the prize for upsetting the system of literature? Not really. There is a simpler explanation, one that we share with all those who stand with beating hearts in front of the stage at one of the venues on his never-ending tour, waiting for that magical voice.
通过授予鲍勃?迪伦诺奖来认可这一革命，初时似乎会觉得过于大胆，但现在已然觉得理所应当。但他获得文学奖是因为颠覆了文学系统吗？并不是。还有个更简单的解释，这个解释所有看过迪伦演出的观众都懂，他们都怀着一颗跳动的心站在迪伦那永不停歇的巡演舞台前，等待着那魔力般的声音响起。
Chamfort made the observation that when a master such as La Fontaine appears, the hierarchy of genres - the estimation of what is great and small, high and low in literature - is nullified. “What matter the rank of a work when its beauty is of the highest rank?" he wrote. That is the straight answer to the question of how Bob Dylan belongs in literature: as the beauty of his songs is of the highest rank.
法国剧作家尚福尔评论说，当诸如拉?方丹这类文学巨擘诞生时，文学类型的等级——对文学高低贵贱的价值估量——便再无约束力。他曾写到：“当一部作品自身的美达到了巅峰时，等级还有什么意义呢？”这也是对鲍勃?迪伦如何属于文学范畴这一问题最直白的解答：他的音乐之美已达到最崇高的地位。
By means of his oeuvre, Bob Dylan has changed our idea of what poetry can be and how it can work. He is a singer worthy of a place beside the Greeks' ?οιδ?ι, beside Ovid, beside the Romantic visionaries, beside the kings and queens of the Blues, beside the forgotten masters of brilliant standards. If people in the literary world groan, one must remind them that the gods don't write, they dance and they sing. The good wishes of the Swedish Academy follow Mr. Dylan on his way to coming bandstands.
迪伦的毕生作品已经改变了我们对诗的认知——诗是什么，该如何创作。鲍勃?迪伦作为一名歌手，值得与希腊声乐家、古罗马的奥维德、浪漫主义空想家、蓝调歌王歌后、和以及诸多以高标准来衡量而被遗忘的大师共享盛名。如果文学界的人对此不满，那他应该记得：神并不写作，他们只歌唱舞蹈。瑞典学院的美好祝愿将一路跟随迪伦先生的音乐之路前行。
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令人遗憾的是，万众期待的文学奖得主鲍勃?迪伦上台领奖发表感言的画面并没有出现。
虽然缺席典礼，但他亲笔写了一篇演讲稿，由美国驻瑞典大使（US ambassador to Sweden）代为朗读。
今年10月，瑞典皇家学院宣布鲍勃?迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖，引来一片喝彩声和质疑声，很多人都问：
"Is Bob Dylan literature?"
“鲍勃?迪伦写的东西算文学吗？”
在获奖感言中，冷静的迪伦直面了这个质疑，以同样为舞台写作（writing for the stage）的莎士比亚为例，做了类比：
When he was writing Hamlet, I’m sure he was thinking about a lot of different things: ‘Who’re the right actors for these roles? How should this be staged? Do I really want to set this in Denmark?’ ... I would bet that the farthest thing from Shakespeare’s mind was the question: ‘Is this literature?’
当他在写《哈姆雷特》时候，他一定在想这些问题，“谁适合演这些角色？”“这段要怎么在舞台上展现出来？”“故事背景真的应该设在丹麦吗？”……我打赌莎士比亚最不可能思考的问题就是：“这是文学吗？”
鲍勃?迪伦诺贝尔获奖感言
鲍勃?迪伦获奖感言全文，来感受一下。
Good evening, everyone. I extend my warmest greetings to the members of the Swedish Academy and to all of the other distinguished guests in attendance tonight.
各位晚上好。我向瑞典学院的成员和今晚所有出席宴会的尊贵来宾致以最热烈的问候。
I'm sorry I can't be with you in person, but please know that I am most definitely with you in spirit and honored to be receiving such a prestigious prize. Being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature is something I never could have imagined or seen coming.
很抱歉我没能到现场与诸位共享此刻，但请相信，在精神上，我绝对与你们同在，我深感荣幸能获得如此声望卓著的奖项。 被授予诺贝尔文学奖，是我从未想象过也没有预见到的事情。
From an early age, I've been familiar with and reading and absorbing the works of those who were deemed worthy of such a distinction: Kipling, Shaw, Thomas Mann, Pearl Buck, Albert Camus, Hemingway. These giants of literature whose works are taught in the schoolroom, housed in libraries around the world and spoken of in reverent tones have always made a deep impression. That I now join the names on such a list is truly beyond words.
从小，我就熟悉、阅读并充分汲取那些被认为值得获得该项殊荣的人的作品，如吉卜林、萧伯纳、托马斯?曼、赛珍珠、加缪、海明威。这些文学巨匠的著作在学堂上被讲授、在世界各地图书馆中陈列、被被人们虔诚地谈论着，它们给我留下了深刻的印象。如今能加入这样的名列，我的心情无以言表。
I don't know if these men and women ever thought of the Nobel honor for themselves, but I suppose that anyone writing a book, or a poem, or a play anywhere in the world might harbor that secret dream deep down inside. It's probably buried so deep that they don't even know it's there.
我不知道，这些作家是否想过自己能获得诺奖，但我猜想世界上任何一个著书写诗、或创作戏剧的人，内心深处都怀揣着这个秘密的梦想。这梦想埋藏得如此之深以至于他们自己都没意识到它的存在。
If someone had ever told me that I had the slightest chance of winning the Nobel Prize, I would have to think that I'd have about the same odds as standing on the moon. In fact, during the year I was born and for a few years after, there wasn't anyone in the world who was considered good enough to win this Nobel Prize. So, I recognize that I am in very rare company, to say the least.
如果有人告诉我，我有那么一丝希望能获得诺奖，那我会认为这跟我能站在月球上的概率差不多。事实上，我出生的那一年和随后的那些年，世界上几乎没有人是完全值得诺贝尔奖的，所以，我想，至少可以说我现在属于一个非常少数的群体。
I was out on the road when I received this surprising news, and it took me more than a few minutes to properly process it. I began to think about William Shakespeare, the great literary figure. I would reckon he thought of himself as a dramatist. The thought that he was writing literature couldn't have entered his head. His words were written for the stage. Meant to be spoken not read.
我是在世界巡演的过程中得知这一令人惊讶的消息的，我花了好一会儿去消化它。然后，我联想到了莎士比亚这位文学伟人。我想他是把自己当一个写剧本的来看待的，他怎么也不会想到自己是在创作文学。他的文字是为舞台而生的，是为了言说而不是阅读。
When he was writing Hamlet, I'm sure he was thinking about a lot of different things: "Who're the right actors for these roles?" "How should this be staged?" "Do I really want to set this in Denmark?" His creative vision and ambitions were no doubt at the forefront of his mind, but there were also more mundane matters to consider and deal with. "Is the financing in place?" "Are there enough good seats for my patrons?" "Where am I going to get a human skull?" I would bet that the farthest thing from Shakespeare's mind was the question "Is this literature?"
在写《哈姆雷特》的时候，他一定在想这些问题，“谁适合演这些角色？”“这段要怎么在舞台上展现出来？”“故事背景真的要设在丹麦吗？”他富于创造的想象与野心毫无疑问是他思维最活跃的部分，但也有很多世俗琐事要考虑和处理。 “资金到位了吗？”“赞助人都能安排到好座位吗？”“到哪里能弄到人的头骨啊？”我打赌莎士比亚最不可能思考的问题就是：“这是文学吗？”
When I started writing songs as a teenager, and even as I started to achieve some renown for my abilities, my aspirations for these songs only went so far. I thought they could be heard in coffee houses or bars, maybe later in places like Carnegie Hall, the London Palladium. If I was really dreaming big, maybe I could imagine getting to make a record and then hearing my songs on the radio. That was really the big prize in my mind. Making records and hearing your songs on the radio meant that you were reaching a big audience and that you might get to keep doing what you had set out to do.
我少年时代开始写歌时，甚至当我因自己的才能而小有知名度时，我对这些歌曲的期待都十分很有限。我希望它们能在咖啡厅或酒吧被人听到，或者将来能在卡内基音乐厅，伦敦帕拉斯剧院这些地方被演唱。如果梦做得再大胆些，我希望我的音乐能被制作成唱片在电台播放，这真是我心目中最好的奖赏了。录唱片在电台播放意味着你能接触到更庞大的听众群体，而你也能按照自己的理想继续走下去。
Well, I've been doing what I set out to do for a long time, now. I've made dozens of records and played thousands of concerts all around the world. But it's my songs that are at the vital center of almost everything I do. They seemed to have found a place in the lives of many people throughout many different cultures and I'm grateful for that.
现在，我已经朝着自己规划的路走了很久了。我发行了几十张唱片，在全球举办了上千场演唱会。但我的歌曲才是我所做一切的核心，它们似乎在不同文化的各类人群中产生了影响，对此我无限感激。
But there's one thing I must say. As a performer I've played for 50,000 people and I've played for 50 people and I can tell you that it is harder to play for 50 people. 50,000 people have a singular persona, not so with 50. Each person has an individual, separate identity, a world unto themselves. They can perceive things more clearly. Your honesty and how it relates to the depth of your talent is tried. The fact that the Nobel committee is so small is not lost on me.
但有件事我必须要说，作为一个表演者，我为5万人演唱过，也为50人演唱过，而为50个人表演难度更高。因为5万人会融成单一人格，但50人不会。他们每个人都是一个鲜明的个体，不同的身份，自成一体。他们能更加清晰地感知事物。你的真诚以及它如何反应出你的才华和深度，都在经受考验。诺奖评委会的人数之少，我是清楚的。
But, like Shakespeare, I too am often occupied with the pursuit of my creative endeavors and dealing with all aspects of life's mundane matters. "Who are the best musicians for these songs?" "Am I recording in the right studio?" "Is this song in the right key?" Some things never change, even in 400 years.
然而，与莎士比亚一样，我常常被音乐创作和日常杂事占据了大部分时间精力，“谁最适合演唱这些歌？”“这个录音室录音效果好吗？”“这首歌的调子定对了吗？”就算过了400年，有些事也不会变的。
Not once have I ever had the time to ask myself, "Are my songs literature?"
但我从来没有时间问过自己：“我的歌算文学吗？”
So, I do thank the Swedish Academy, both for taking the time to consider that very question, and, ultimately, for providing such a wonderful answer.
所以，我真的要感谢瑞典文学院，不仅花时间思考这个问题，还最终给出了一个精彩的回答。
My best wishes to you all,
致以最好的祝福，
Bob Dylan
鲍勃?迪伦
迪伦没时间考虑自己的创作是否算是文学，所以只能由诺贝尔官方来为他辩护了。
在颁奖词中，诺贝尔皇家学院的Horace Engdahl教授用一篇充满力量、极尽赞誉的演讲回击了那些批评质疑的声音。
不愧是诺贝尔文学奖的颁奖词！这篇演讲稿文采斐然，如诗一般的语言，读来极有韵味，值得细品。
What brings about the great shifts in the world of literature? Often it is when someone seizes upon a simple, overlooked form, discounted as art in the higher sense, and makes it mutate.
什么会带来文学世界的巨变？通常，是一种简单、被人忽视，从更高意义来说被贬低为技艺的一种形式被某个人所掌握，并令其蜕变的时候。
Thus, at one point, emerged the modern novel from anecdote and letter, thus arose drama in a new age from high jinx on planks placed on barrels in a marketplace, thus songs in the vernacular dethroned learned Latin poetry, thus too did La Fontaine take animal fables and Hans Christian Andersen fairy tales from the nursery to Parnassian heights. Each time this occurs, our idea of literature changes.
于是，当代小说从奇闻轶事与日常通信脱颖而出，戏剧从站在市集木桶板上表演的杂耍发轫，拉丁诗文渐被方言歌谣取代，同样地，拉?方丹将动物寓言、安徒生把童话，从育婴室升华到高蹈派诗歌的高度。每一次变化的出现，我们对于文学的看法就随之发生改变。
In itself, it ought not to be a sensation that a singer/songwriter now stands recipient of the literary Nobel Prize. In a distant past, all poetry was sung or tunefully recited, poets were rhapsodes, bards, troubadours; 'lyrics' comes from 'lyre'.
本来，一位歌手或作曲家成为诺贝尔文学奖得主并不应该成为一个耸人听闻的事件。在久远的过去，所有的诗都是唱出来或是带着音调起伏诵读出来的。史诗吟诵者、游吟诗人、行吟诗人，他们就是诗人；而“歌词”一词就来源于“里尔琴”。
But what Bob Dylan did was not to return to the Greeks or the Proven?als. Instead, he dedicated himself body and soul to 20th century American popular music, the kind played on radio stations and gramophone records for ordinary people, white and black: protest songs, country, blues, early rock, gospel, mainstream music. He listened day and night, testing the stuff on his instruments, trying to learn. But when he started to write similar songs, they came out differently.
但鲍勃?迪伦所做的并非要回到古希腊或中古的普罗旺斯。相反，他全身心地投入于20世纪的美国流行音乐中，这些都是为普通人创作的音乐，不分人种，它们在广播电台和留声机唱片中播放：抗议歌曲、乡村音乐、蓝调、早期摇滚乐、福音音乐和主流音乐……他日夜聆听，用乐器弹奏，试着学习创作。当他开始写出类似的歌曲时，它们呈现出来的却是另一片天地。
In his hands, the material changed. From what he discovered in heirloom and scrap, in banal rhyme and quick wit, in curses and pious prayers, sweet nothings and crude jokes, he panned poetry gold, whether on purpose or by accident is irrelevant; all creativity begins in imitation.
在他的手中，这些素材发生了变化。从别人的传家宝与废弃之物中、从陈腐的韵律与机灵妙语中、从邪恶的诅咒和虔诚的祷告中、从甜言蜜语和粗鄙玩笑中，他淘出了诗歌的黄金。是有心还是无意，都无关紧要。所有的创作都始于模仿。
Even after fifty years of uninterrupted exposure, we are yet to absorb music's equivalent of the fable's Flying Dutchman. He makes good rhymes, said a critic, explaining greatness. And it is true. His rhyming is an alchemical substance that dissolves contexts to create new ones, scarcely containable by the human brain.
即使在50年的不断聆听之后，我们还未能完全领悟迪伦那些在音乐领域能与《漂泊的荷兰人》相媲美的歌曲。“他的旋律朗朗上口，”一位评论家如是解释他的伟大。没错。他的韵律就像是一剂炼金秘方，溶解现有的语境创造出人类大脑所难以容纳的新内容。
It was a shock. With the public expecting poppy folk songs, there stood a young man with a guitar, fusing the languages of the street and the bible into a compound that would have made the end of the world seem a superfluous replay.
多么震撼。当大众在期待着流行民谣的时候，一个年轻人手持吉他站在那儿，把街头俗语与圣经语言熔在一起，让世界末日看起来都像是多余的再现。
At the same time, he sang of love with a power of conviction everyone wants to own. All of a sudden, much of the bookish poetry in our world felt anaemic, and the routine song lyrics his colleagues continued to write were like old-fashioned gunpowder following the invention of dynamite. Soon, people stopped comparing him to Woody Guthrie and Hank Williams and turned instead to Blake, Rimbaud, Whitman, Shakespeare.
与此同时，他以一种人人想拥有的、令人信服的力量来歌颂爱。突然间，世间那些书面的诗词变得如此苍白无力，而他的同行们那些按部就班创作的词曲也仿佛成了随着炸药诞生而过时了的火器。很快，人们不再把他与伍迪?格思里和汉克?威廉姆斯这些音乐人相比，而是将他与威廉?布莱克（英国浪漫主义诗人）、阿蒂尔?兰波（法国象征主义诗人）、沃尔特?惠特曼（美国世人）和莎士比亚相提并论。
In the most unlikely setting of all - the commercial gramophone record - he gave back to the language of poetry its elevated style, lost since the Romantics. Not to sing of eternities, but to speak of what was happening around us. As if the oracle of Delphi were reading the evening news.
在商业化的黑胶唱片这一最不可能的条件中，他重新赋予诗歌语言以高昂的姿态，这是自浪漫主义时代之后便已失掉的风格。不为歌颂永恒，只在叙述我们的日常，好似德尔斐的神谕正向我们播报着晚间新闻。
Recognising that revolution by awarding Bob Dylan the Nobel Prize was a decision that seemed daring only beforehand and already seems obvious. But does he get the prize for upsetting the system of literature? Not really. There is a simpler explanation, one that we share with all those who stand with beating hearts in front of the stage at one of the venues on his never-ending tour, waiting for that magical voice.
通过授予鲍勃?迪伦诺奖来认可这一革命，初时似乎会觉得过于大胆，但现在已然觉得理所应当。但他获得文学奖是因为颠覆了文学系统吗？并不是。还有个更简单的解释，这个解释所有看过迪伦演出的观众都懂，他们都怀着一颗跳动的心站在迪伦那永不停歇的巡演舞台前，等待着那魔力般的声音响起。
Chamfort made the observation that when a master such as La Fontaine appears, the hierarchy of genres - the estimation of what is great and small, high and low in literature - is nullified. “What matter the rank of a work when its beauty is of the highest rank?" he wrote. That is the straight answer to the question of how Bob Dylan belongs in literature: as the beauty of his songs is of the highest rank.
法国剧作家尚福尔评论说，当诸如拉?方丹这类文学巨擘诞生时，文学类型的等级——对文学高低贵贱的价值估量——便再无约束力。他曾写到：“当一部作品自身的美达到了巅峰时，等级还有什么意义呢？”这也是对鲍勃?迪伦如何属于文学范畴这一问题最直白的解答：他的音乐之美已达到最崇高的地位。
By means of his oeuvre, Bob Dylan has changed our idea of what poetry can be and how it can work. He is a singer worthy of a place beside the Greeks' ?οιδ?ι, beside Ovid, beside the Romantic visionaries, beside the kings and queens of the Blues, beside the forgotten masters of brilliant standards. If people in the literary world groan, one must remind them that the gods don't write, they dance and they sing. The good wishes of the Swedish Academy follow Mr. Dylan on his way to coming bandstands.
迪伦的毕生作品已经改变了我们对诗的认知——诗是什么，该如何创作。鲍勃?迪伦作为一名歌手，值得与希腊声乐家、古罗马的奥维德、浪漫主义空想家、蓝调歌王歌后、和以及诸多以高标准来衡量而被遗忘的大师共享盛名。如果文学界的人对此不满，那他应该记得：神并不写作，他们只歌唱舞蹈。瑞典学院的美好祝愿将一路跟随迪伦先生的音乐之路前行。
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2016年诺贝尔奖颁奖仪式10日在瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩（Stockholm, Sweden）举行。
令人遗憾的是，万众期待的文学奖得主鲍勃?迪伦上台领奖发表感言的画面并没有出现。
虽然缺席典礼，但他亲笔写了一篇演讲稿，由美国驻瑞典大使（US ambassador to Sweden）代为朗读。
今年10月，瑞典皇家学院宣布鲍勃?迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖，引来一片喝彩声和质疑声，很多人都问：
"Is Bob Dylan literature?"
“鲍勃?迪伦写的东西算文学吗？”
在获奖感言中，冷静的迪伦直面了这个质疑，以同样为舞台写作（writing for the stage）的莎士比亚为例，做了类比：
When he was writing Hamlet, I’m sure he was thinking about a lot of different things: ‘Who’re the right actors for these roles? How should this be staged? Do I really want to set this in Denmark?’ ... I would bet that the farthest thing from Shakespeare’s mind was the question: ‘Is this literature?’
当他在写《哈姆雷特》时候，他一定在想这些问题，“谁适合演这些角色？”“这段要怎么在舞台上展现出来？”“故事背景真的应该设在丹麦吗？”……我打赌莎士比亚最不可能思考的问题就是：“这是文学吗？”
鲍勃?迪伦诺贝尔获奖感言
鲍勃?迪伦获奖感言全文，来感受一下。
Good evening, everyone. I extend my warmest greetings to the members of the Swedish Academy and to all of the other distinguished guests in attendance tonight.
各位晚上好。我向瑞典学院的成员和今晚所有出席宴会的尊贵来宾致以最热烈的问候。
I'm sorry I can't be with you in person, but please know that I am most definitely with you in spirit and honored to be receiving such a prestigious prize. Being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature is something I never could have imagined or seen coming.
很抱歉我没能到现场与诸位共享此刻，但请相信，在精神上，我绝对与你们同在，我深感荣幸能获得如此声望卓著的奖项。 被授予诺贝尔文学奖，是我从未想象过也没有预见到的事情。
From an early age, I've been familiar with and reading and absorbing the works of those who were deemed worthy of such a distinction: Kipling, Shaw, Thomas Mann, Pearl Buck, Albert Camus, Hemingway. These giants of literature whose works are taught in the schoolroom, housed in libraries around the world and spoken of in reverent tones have always made a deep impression. That I now join the names on such a list is truly beyond words.
从小，我就熟悉、阅读并充分汲取那些被认为值得获得该项殊荣的人的作品，如吉卜林、萧伯纳、托马斯?曼、赛珍珠、加缪、海明威。这些文学巨匠的著作在学堂上被讲授、在世界各地图书馆中陈列、被被人们虔诚地谈论着，它们给我留下了深刻的印象。如今能加入这样的名列，我的心情无以言表。
I don't know if these men and women ever thought of the Nobel honor for themselves, but I suppose that anyone writing a book, or a poem, or a play anywhere in the world might harbor that secret dream deep down inside. It's probably buried so deep that they don't even know it's there.
我不知道，这些作家是否想过自己能获得诺奖，但我猜想世界上任何一个著书写诗、或创作戏剧的人，内心深处都怀揣着这个秘密的梦想。这梦想埋藏得如此之深以至于他们自己都没意识到它的存在。
If someone had ever told me that I had the slightest chance of winning the Nobel Prize, I would have to think that I'd have about the same odds as standing on the moon. In fact, during the year I was born and for a few years after, there wasn't anyone in the world who was considered good enough to win this Nobel Prize. So, I recognize that I am in very rare company, to say the least.
如果有人告诉我，我有那么一丝希望能获得诺奖，那我会认为这跟我能站在月球上的概率差不多。事实上，我出生的那一年和随后的那些年，世界上几乎没有人是完全值得诺贝尔奖的，所以，我想，至少可以说我现在属于一个非常少数的群体。
I was out on the road when I received this surprising news, and it took me more than a few minutes to properly process it. I began to think about William Shakespeare, the great literary figure. I would reckon he thought of himself as a dramatist. The thought that he was writing literature couldn't have entered his head. His words were written for the stage. Meant to be spoken not read.
我是在世界巡演的过程中得知这一令人惊讶的消息的，我花了好一会儿去消化它。然后，我联想到了莎士比亚这位文学伟人。我想他是把自己当一个写剧本的来看待的，他怎么也不会想到自己是在创作文学。他的文字是为舞台而生的，是为了言说而不是阅读。
When he was writing Hamlet, I'm sure he was thinking about a lot of different things: "Who're the right actors for these roles?" "How should this be staged?" "Do I really want to set this in Denmark?" His creative vision and ambitions were no doubt at the forefront of his mind, but there were also more mundane matters to consider and deal with. "Is the financing in place?" "Are there enough good seats for my patrons?" "Where am I going to get a human skull?" I would bet that the farthest thing from Shakespeare's mind was the question "Is this literature?"
在写《哈姆雷特》的时候，他一定在想这些问题，“谁适合演这些角色？”“这段要怎么在舞台上展现出来？”“故事背景真的要设在丹麦吗？”他富于创造的想象与野心毫无疑问是他思维最活跃的部分，但也有很多世俗琐事要考虑和处理。 “资金到位了吗？”“赞助人都能安排到好座位吗？”“到哪里能弄到人的头骨啊？”我打赌莎士比亚最不可能思考的问题就是：“这是文学吗？”
When I started writing songs as a teenager, and even as I started to achieve some renown for my abilities, my aspirations for these songs only went so far. I thought they could be heard in coffee houses or bars, maybe later in places like Carnegie Hall, the London Palladium. If I was really dreaming big, maybe I could imagine getting to make a record and then hearing my songs on the radio. That was really the big prize in my mind. Making records and hearing your songs on the radio meant that you were reaching a big audience and that you might get to keep doing what you had set out to do.
我少年时代开始写歌时，甚至当我因自己的才能而小有知名度时，我对这些歌曲的期待都十分很有限。我希望它们能在咖啡厅或酒吧被人听到，或者将来能在卡内基音乐厅，伦敦帕拉斯剧院这些地方被演唱。如果梦做得再大胆些，我希望我的音乐能被制作成唱片在电台播放，这真是我心目中最好的奖赏了。录唱片在电台播放意味着你能接触到更庞大的听众群体，而你也能按照自己的理想继续走下去。
Well, I've been doing what I set out to do for a long time, now. I've made dozens of records and played thousands of concerts all around the world. But it's my songs that are at the vital center of almost everything I do. They seemed to have found a place in the lives of many people throughout many different cultures and I'm grateful for that.
现在，我已经朝着自己规划的路走了很久了。我发行了几十张唱片，在全球举办了上千场演唱会。但我的歌曲才是我所做一切的核心，它们似乎在不同文化的各类人群中产生了影响，对此我无限感激。
But there's one thing I must say. As a performer I've played for 50,000 people and I've played for 50 people and I can tell you that it is harder to play for 50 people. 50,000 people have a singular persona, not so with 50. Each person has an individual, separate identity, a world unto themselves. They can perceive things more clearly. Your honesty and how it relates to the depth of your talent is tried. The fact that the Nobel committee is so small is not lost on me.
但有件事我必须要说，作为一个表演者，我为5万人演唱过，也为50人演唱过，而为50个人表演难度更高。因为5万人会融成单一人格，但50人不会。他们每个人都是一个鲜明的个体，不同的身份，自成一体。他们能更加清晰地感知事物。你的真诚以及它如何反应出你的才华和深度，都在经受考验。诺奖评委会的人数之少，我是清楚的。
But, like Shakespeare, I too am often occupied with the pursuit of my creative endeavors and dealing with all aspects of life's mundane matters. "Who are the best musicians for these songs?" "Am I recording in the right studio?" "Is this song in the right key?" Some things never change, even in 400 years.
然而，与莎士比亚一样，我常常被音乐创作和日常杂事占据了大部分时间精力，“谁最适合演唱这些歌？”“这个录音室录音效果好吗？”“这首歌的调子定对了吗？”就算过了400年，有些事也不会变的。
Not once have I ever had the time to ask myself, "Are my songs literature?"
但我从来没有时间问过自己：“我的歌算文学吗？”
So, I do thank the Swedish Academy, both for taking the time to consider that very question, and, ultimately, for providing such a wonderful answer.
所以，我真的要感谢瑞典文学院，不仅花时间思考这个问题，还最终给出了一个精彩的回答。
My best wishes to you all,
致以最好的祝福，
Bob Dylan
鲍勃?迪伦
迪伦没时间考虑自己的创作是否算是文学，所以只能由诺贝尔官方来为他辩护了。
在颁奖词中，诺贝尔皇家学院的Horace Engdahl教授用一篇充满力量、极尽赞誉的演讲回击了那些批评质疑的声音。
不愧是诺贝尔文学奖的颁奖词！这篇演讲稿文采斐然，如诗一般的语言，读来极有韵味，值得细品。
What brings about the great shifts in the world of literature? Often it is when someone seizes upon a simple, overlooked form, discounted as art in the higher sense, and makes it mutate.
什么会带来文学世界的巨变？通常，是一种简单、被人忽视，从更高意义来说被贬低为技艺的一种形式被某个人所掌握，并令其蜕变的时候。
Thus, at one point, emerged the modern novel from anecdote and letter, thus arose drama in a new age from high jinx on planks placed on barrels in a marketplace, thus songs in the vernacular dethroned learned Latin poetry, thus too did La Fontaine take animal fables and Hans Christian Andersen fairy tales from the nursery to Parnassian heights. Each time this occurs, our idea of literature changes.
于是，当代小说从奇闻轶事与日常通信脱颖而出，戏剧从站在市集木桶板上表演的杂耍发轫，拉丁诗文渐被方言歌谣取代，同样地，拉?方丹将动物寓言、安徒生把童话，从育婴室升华到高蹈派诗歌的高度。每一次变化的出现，我们对于文学的看法就随之发生改变。
In itself, it ought not to be a sensation that a singer/songwriter now stands recipient of the literary Nobel Prize. In a distant past, all poetry was sung or tunefully recited, poets were rhapsodes, bards, troubadours; 'lyrics' comes from 'lyre'.
本来，一位歌手或作曲家成为诺贝尔文学奖得主并不应该成为一个耸人听闻的事件。在久远的过去，所有的诗都是唱出来或是带着音调起伏诵读出来的。史诗吟诵者、游吟诗人、行吟诗人，他们就是诗人；而“歌词”一词就来源于“里尔琴”。
But what Bob Dylan did was not to return to the Greeks or the Proven?als. Instead, he dedicated himself body and soul to 20th century American popular music, the kind played on radio stations and gramophone records for ordinary people, white and black: protest songs, country, blues, early rock, gospel, mainstream music. He listened day and night, testing the stuff on his instruments, trying to learn. But when he started to write similar songs, they came out differently.
但鲍勃?迪伦所做的并非要回到古希腊或中古的普罗旺斯。相反，他全身心地投入于20世纪的美国流行音乐中，这些都是为普通人创作的音乐，不分人种，它们在广播电台和留声机唱片中播放：抗议歌曲、乡村音乐、蓝调、早期摇滚乐、福音音乐和主流音乐……他日夜聆听，用乐器弹奏，试着学习创作。当他开始写出类似的歌曲时，它们呈现出来的却是另一片天地。
In his hands, the material changed. From what he discovered in heirloom and scrap, in banal rhyme and quick wit, in curses and pious prayers, sweet nothings and crude jokes, he panned poetry gold, whether on purpose or by accident is irrelevant; all creativity begins in imitation.
在他的手中，这些素材发生了变化。从别人的传家宝与废弃之物中、从陈腐的韵律与机灵妙语中、从邪恶的诅咒和虔诚的祷告中、从甜言蜜语和粗鄙玩笑中，他淘出了诗歌的黄金。是有心还是无意，都无关紧要。所有的创作都始于模仿。
Even after fifty years of uninterrupted exposure, we are yet to absorb music's equivalent of the fable's Flying Dutchman. He makes good rhymes, said a critic, explaining greatness. And it is true. His rhyming is an alchemical substance that dissolves contexts to create new ones, scarcely containable by the human brain.
即使在50年的不断聆听之后，我们还未能完全领悟迪伦那些在音乐领域能与《漂泊的荷兰人》相媲美的歌曲。“他的旋律朗朗上口，”一位评论家如是解释他的伟大。没错。他的韵律就像是一剂炼金秘方，溶解现有的语境创造出人类大脑所难以容纳的新内容。
It was a shock. With the public expecting poppy folk songs, there stood a young man with a guitar, fusing the languages of the street and the bible into a compound that would have made the end of the world seem a superfluous replay.
多么震撼。当大众在期待着流行民谣的时候，一个年轻人手持吉他站在那儿，把街头俗语与圣经语言熔在一起，让世界末日看起来都像是多余的再现。
At the same time, he sang of love with a power of conviction everyone wants to own. All of a sudden, much of the bookish poetry in our world felt anaemic, and the routine song lyrics his colleagues continued to write were like old-fashioned gunpowder following the invention of dynamite. Soon, people stopped comparing him to Woody Guthrie and Hank Williams and turned instead to Blake, Rimbaud, Whitman, Shakespeare.
与此同时，他以一种人人想拥有的、令人信服的力量来歌颂爱。突然间，世间那些书面的诗词变得如此苍白无力，而他的同行们那些按部就班创作的词曲也仿佛成了随着炸药诞生而过时了的火器。很快，人们不再把他与伍迪?格思里和汉克?威廉姆斯这些音乐人相比，而是将他与威廉?布莱克（英国浪漫主义诗人）、阿蒂尔?兰波（法国象征主义诗人）、沃尔特?惠特曼（美国世人）和莎士比亚相提并论。
In the most unlikely setting of all - the commercial gramophone record - he gave back to the language of poetry its elevated style, lost since the Romantics. Not to sing of eternities, but to speak of what was happening around us. As if the oracle of Delphi were reading the evening news.
在商业化的黑胶唱片这一最不可能的条件中，他重新赋予诗歌语言以高昂的姿态，这是自浪漫主义时代之后便已失掉的风格。不为歌颂永恒，只在叙述我们的日常，好似德尔斐的神谕正向我们播报着晚间新闻。
Recognising that revolution by awarding Bob Dylan the Nobel Prize was a decision that seemed daring only beforehand and already seems obvious. But does he get the prize for upsetting the system of literature? Not really. There is a simpler explanation, one that we share with all those who stand with beating hearts in front of the stage at one of the venues on his never-ending tour, waiting for that magical voice.
通过授予鲍勃?迪伦诺奖来认可这一革命，初时似乎会觉得过于大胆，但现在已然觉得理所应当。但他获得文学奖是因为颠覆了文学系统吗？并不是。还有个更简单的解释，这个解释所有看过迪伦演出的观众都懂，他们都怀着一颗跳动的心站在迪伦那永不停歇的巡演舞台前，等待着那魔力般的声音响起。
Chamfort made the observation that when a master such as La Fontaine appears, the hierarchy of genres - the estimation of what is great and small, high and low in literature - is nullified. “What matter the rank of a work when its beauty is of the highest rank?" he wrote. That is the straight answer to the question of how Bob Dylan belongs in literature: as the beauty of his songs is of the highest rank.
法国剧作家尚福尔评论说，当诸如拉?方丹这类文学巨擘诞生时，文学类型的等级——对文学高低贵贱的价值估量——便再无约束力。他曾写到：“当一部作品自身的美达到了巅峰时，等级还有什么意义呢？”这也是对鲍勃?迪伦如何属于文学范畴这一问题最直白的解答：他的音乐之美已达到最崇高的地位。
By means of his oeuvre, Bob Dylan has changed our idea of what poetry can be and how it can work. He is a singer worthy of a place beside the Greeks' ?οιδ?ι, beside Ovid, beside the Romantic visionaries, beside the kings and queens of the Blues, beside the forgotten masters of brilliant standards. If people in the literary world groan, one must remind them that the gods don't write, they dance and they sing. The good wishes of the Swedish Academy follow Mr. Dylan on his way to coming bandstands.
迪伦的毕生作品已经改变了我们对诗的认知——诗是什么，该如何创作。鲍勃?迪伦作为一名歌手，值得与希腊声乐家、古罗马的奥维德、浪漫主义空想家、蓝调歌王歌后、和以及诸多以高标准来衡量而被遗忘的大师共享盛名。如果文学界的人对此不满，那他应该记得：神并不写作，他们只歌唱舞蹈。瑞典学院的美好祝愿将一路跟随迪伦先生的音乐之路前行。
英语词汇：“Kid”和“Alternate”的用法
英语学习 • 邪流丸 发表了文章 • 1 个评论 • 5595 次浏览 • 2017-07-13 11:53
与Kid相关的表达
‘kid’可以表示以某件事物来开玩笑。
"The zookeeper was kidding when she said the snake will bite me."
当动物管理员说那条蛇会咬我时，她是在开玩笑。
它同样可以表示不说实话。
"I've been kidding him for a few years now and he hasn't realised that I'm not telling him the truth."
我到现在已经骗了他几年了，而且他还没有意识到我没有对他说实话。
下面这些包含‘kid’的短语是在日常口语中经常会用到的：
Just kidding
当我们说话时说到一些并不希望对方认真谈论的事情的时候，我们可以使用‘just kidding’这个短语。
A: "There are two things I'm really, really afraid of. One is a snake and the other is my mum."
A：有两件事是我非常非常害怕的。一个是蛇，另一个是我妈妈。
B: "Oh really?"
B：哦，真的吗？
A: "Well, I'm just kidding about my mum."
A：好吧，我只是用我妈妈开了个玩笑。
No kidding
我们可以使用‘no kidding’来强调我们所说的话。
"I spent the whole day cleaning my house, no kidding!"
我花了一整天打扫我的房子，没有开玩笑！
You must be kidding/You have to be kidding
我们使用‘you must be kidding’来回应人们说的话。你经常会用到‘you must be kidding’来表示你不相信对方所说的话。
A: "I took two hours to make this cake."
A：我花了两个小时来做这个蛋糕。
B: "You must be kidding. Did it really take that long?"
B：你一定是在开玩笑。它真的需要那么长的时间吗？
你同样也可以说：“you must be joking”。
Alternate的不同含义
‘Alternate’可以被用于动词，也可以作为形容词。
作为动词时，‘alternate’可以表示一件事在另一件事之后发生，二者交替重复。通常用于谈论某事在两件事物之间进行。
"She alternated between freestyle and backstroke during her swimming lesson today."
今天的游泳课上她在自由泳和仰泳之间交替练习。
"He has been alternating between his parents' place and his friend's place during the school break."
在学校假期期间，他在他的父母家和朋友家交替居住。
其他形式包括：‘alternating’和‘alternated’
‘Alternate’作为一个形容词可以表示每隔一个的意思。例如，如果我们谈论天数，这个词可以表示每隔一天。
"Cycling to the city is allowed only on alternate days."
每隔一天才可以骑自行车去市区。
"They go to the park every alternate Sunday."
他们每隔一周的周日，他们会去公园。
查看全部
与Kid相关的表达
‘kid’可以表示以某件事物来开玩笑。
"The zookeeper was kidding when she said the snake will bite me."
当动物管理员说那条蛇会咬我时，她是在开玩笑。
它同样可以表示不说实话。
"I've been kidding him for a few years now and he hasn't realised that I'm not telling him the truth."
我到现在已经骗了他几年了，而且他还没有意识到我没有对他说实话。
下面这些包含‘kid’的短语是在日常口语中经常会用到的：
Just kidding
当我们说话时说到一些并不希望对方认真谈论的事情的时候，我们可以使用‘just kidding’这个短语。
A: "There are two things I'm really, really afraid of. One is a snake and the other is my mum."
A：有两件事是我非常非常害怕的。一个是蛇，另一个是我妈妈。
B: "Oh really?"
B：哦，真的吗？
A: "Well, I'm just kidding about my mum."
A：好吧，我只是用我妈妈开了个玩笑。
No kidding
我们可以使用‘no kidding’来强调我们所说的话。
"I spent the whole day cleaning my house, no kidding!"
我花了一整天打扫我的房子，没有开玩笑！
You must be kidding/You have to be kidding
我们使用‘you must be kidding’来回应人们说的话。你经常会用到‘you must be kidding’来表示你不相信对方所说的话。
A: "I took two hours to make this cake."
A：我花了两个小时来做这个蛋糕。
B: "You must be kidding. Did it really take that long?"
B：你一定是在开玩笑。它真的需要那么长的时间吗？
你同样也可以说：“you must be joking”。
Alternate的不同含义
‘Alternate’可以被用于动词，也可以作为形容词。
作为动词时，‘alternate’可以表示一件事在另一件事之后发生，二者交替重复。通常用于谈论某事在两件事物之间进行。
"She alternated between freestyle and backstroke during her swimming lesson today."
今天的游泳课上她在自由泳和仰泳之间交替练习。
"He has been alternating between his parents' place and his friend's place during the school break."
在学校假期期间，他在他的父母家和朋友家交替居住。
其他形式包括：‘alternating’和‘alternated’
‘Alternate’作为一个形容词可以表示每隔一个的意思。例如，如果我们谈论天数，这个词可以表示每隔一天。
"Cycling to the city is allowed only on alternate days."
每隔一天才可以骑自行车去市区。
"They go to the park every alternate Sunday."
他们每隔一周的周日，他们会去公园。
英语词汇：常用动词“Graduate”和“Participate”的用法
英语学习 • 邪流丸 发表了文章 • 1 个评论 • 4620 次浏览 • 2017-07-13 11:40
Graduate的含义与用法
你知道‘graduate’是什么意思吗？那‘undergraduate’和‘postgraduate’之间又有什么区别呢？今天的英语点滴我们就来学习一下这些常用的单词。
‘graduate’的意思是毕业，通常是指在大学完成一个学位的学习。它的过去式是‘graduated’。
当一个人正在‘graduating’，那么就意味着他们正要被授予一个学位。他们会收到一个证书表明他们已经完成了所有课程的学习。
"I'm graduating at the end of this year."
我将在今年年底毕业。
毕业的名词为‘graduation’
"It's important to attend my sister's graduation ceremony."
参加我姐姐的毕业典礼是很重要的。
一旦你毕业了，你就成为了一名‘graduate’，毕业生。在这种语境下，它被用作名词，而且发音也是不一样的。
"I'm with all the other graduates."
我和其他毕业生一起。
如果你继续深造，并攻读另一个学位，你将成为一名‘postgraduate’研究生。在这种语境之下，它用作名词。
"The conference was attended by postgraduates and their professors."
大会由研究生和他们的教授出席。
你还可以攻读一个‘postgraduate’学位或课程。在此语境下，‘postgraduate’是一个形容词。
"After completing my degree in English, I went on do a postgraduate degree in Arts."
在完成我的英语学位之后，我去攻读了一个文学研究生学位。
如果你还在进行你的第一个学位的学习，你就是一名‘undergraduate’本科生。在此，它依然用作一个名词。
"Most undergraduates live near the university."
大多数的本科生住在大学附近。
你同样可以将‘undergraduate’用作一个形容词。
"We're in the first year of our undergraduate degree and we are enjoying ourselves."
我们现在是大学本科一年级，我们自己觉得很快乐。
Participate的用法
如果你想要参加到某事当中，有可以说你想要‘participate’。阅读今天的英语点滴来学习如何使用‘participate’这个词吧！
‘participate’可以表示加入，以及参与到某事之中的意思。
"She is going to participate in the dance competition."
她要去参加那个舞蹈比赛。
"I didn't know everyone could participate in this pageant."
我不知道每个人都可以参与到这个盛会中来。
参与到某个活动或者节目中的人被称为‘participants’，参与者。
"The participants of the dance competition are getting ready for their final performance."
舞蹈比赛的参赛者们正在为他们的最终表演作准备。
"The participants were part of the health program and they took part in a number of exercises."
健康计划的参与者们参与了很多的演习。
表达Participate的另一种方式是使用‘take part’这个词组。
"I have taken part in a lot of dancing competitions."
我已经参加过了许多舞蹈比赛。
A: "Did you take part in last year's English speaking competition?"
A：你参加了去年的英语演讲比赛吗？
B: "Yes I did and I had a great time."
B：是的我参加了，而且度过了很棒的时光。
查看全部
Graduate的含义与用法
你知道‘graduate’是什么意思吗？那‘undergraduate’和‘postgraduate’之间又有什么区别呢？今天的英语点滴我们就来学习一下这些常用的单词。
‘graduate’的意思是毕业，通常是指在大学完成一个学位的学习。它的过去式是‘graduated’。
当一个人正在‘graduating’，那么就意味着他们正要被授予一个学位。他们会收到一个证书表明他们已经完成了所有课程的学习。
"I'm graduating at the end of this year."
我将在今年年底毕业。
毕业的名词为‘graduation’
"It's important to attend my sister's graduation ceremony."
参加我姐姐的毕业典礼是很重要的。
一旦你毕业了，你就成为了一名‘graduate’，毕业生。在这种语境下，它被用作名词，而且发音也是不一样的。
"I'm with all the other graduates."
我和其他毕业生一起。
如果你继续深造，并攻读另一个学位，你将成为一名‘postgraduate’研究生。在这种语境之下，它用作名词。
"The conference was attended by postgraduates and their professors."
大会由研究生和他们的教授出席。
你还可以攻读一个‘postgraduate’学位或课程。在此语境下，‘postgraduate’是一个形容词。
"After completing my degree in English, I went on do a postgraduate degree in Arts."
在完成我的英语学位之后，我去攻读了一个文学研究生学位。
如果你还在进行你的第一个学位的学习，你就是一名‘undergraduate’本科生。在此，它依然用作一个名词。
"Most undergraduates live near the university."
大多数的本科生住在大学附近。
你同样可以将‘undergraduate’用作一个形容词。
"We're in the first year of our undergraduate degree and we are enjoying ourselves."
我们现在是大学本科一年级，我们自己觉得很快乐。
Participate的用法
如果你想要参加到某事当中，有可以说你想要‘participate’。阅读今天的英语点滴来学习如何使用‘participate’这个词吧！
‘participate’可以表示加入，以及参与到某事之中的意思。
"She is going to participate in the dance competition."
她要去参加那个舞蹈比赛。
"I didn't know everyone could participate in this pageant."
我不知道每个人都可以参与到这个盛会中来。
参与到某个活动或者节目中的人被称为‘participants’，参与者。
"The participants of the dance competition are getting ready for their final performance."
舞蹈比赛的参赛者们正在为他们的最终表演作准备。
"The participants were part of the health program and they took part in a number of exercises."
健康计划的参与者们参与了很多的演习。
表达Participate的另一种方式是使用‘take part’这个词组。
"I have taken part in a lot of dancing competitions."
我已经参加过了许多舞蹈比赛。
A: "Did you take part in last year's English speaking competition?"
A：你参加了去年的英语演讲比赛吗？
B: "Yes I did and I had a great time."
B：是的我参加了，而且度过了很棒的时光。
考研英语：高分作文有招数！
英语写作 • 文艺的小逗比 发表了文章 • 0 个评论 • 2728 次浏览 • 2017-07-12 16:08
考研冲刺阶段，想要英语作文的分数快速提高，就得有技巧性地备考，高分作文必须既要明确主旨，又要写得引人入胜。文章到底如何润色，下面教你高分作文必须具备的4大招数！
1、书写规范书面语
考生千万要注意，这也是一些英语底子好的考生经常犯的错误，那就是在书面语中运用口语化的语言。众所周知，书面英语和口语有很大区别，有一些缩略语不是正确的书面语，所以需要引起考生的注意。
2、紧握一条时态主线
时态问题一直是英语备考中的难点，有些考生经常在一篇文章中出现两种或两种以上的时态，将这些时态混合使用的同时也增加了语法错误出现的频率。我们来看下面的例句：
This great loss had kill Mrs. white, but actually this free her from her husband.（错误）
This great loss had killed Mrs. white, but actually this freed her from her husband.（正确）
建议考生在考场上作文的写作过程中，尽量紧握一条时态主线，一是来写起来操作性强，二来让阅卷老师看的“明明白白”。写作时经常使用的语法依次是：一般现在时、一般将来时、现在完成时、一般过去时和现在进行时。
3、闪光词汇必不可少
在考场作文中，but 、because之类词汇使得阅卷老师打不起精神，直接将文章打为C类，而高级词汇的使用使得阅卷老师眼前一亮，尤其是真题中文章的精彩表述方式，考生要勤加总结。
4、增强语言说服力
在阐述某种观点、说明某项情况的时候，考生要通过自己的语言让阅读者信服，那么就要通过文中的句子来增强自己的说服力，如何增强呢？小编有两个好方法，一是引用名人话语，二是使用被动句。增强文章说服力，使文章不再“徒有其表”。
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.(2007年阅读理解Text 4) 真题的文章中出现引用名家话语是十分常见的成文规则，从侧面说明作者观点，同时经常是命题老师命题的高频出题点。
被动句也是一个很好的法宝，将被动句视为对客观事实的陈述，我们看下面的例子：
We find some use of computers in various fields.（主动句）
Computers have been widely used in various fields.（被动句）
可以看出，被动句更像是对时事的陈述。但是需要注意的是，不要过多使用，每篇出现两至三个比较合适，过犹不及。多使用被动句，让文章论点更容易“站住脚”。
更多英语学习资料可查看：平和英语村-问答平台
平和英语村-学习资料
平和英语村-学习平台
查看全部
考研冲刺阶段，想要英语作文的分数快速提高，就得有技巧性地备考，高分作文必须既要明确主旨，又要写得引人入胜。文章到底如何润色，下面教你高分作文必须具备的4大招数！
1、书写规范书面语
考生千万要注意，这也是一些英语底子好的考生经常犯的错误，那就是在书面语中运用口语化的语言。众所周知，书面英语和口语有很大区别，有一些缩略语不是正确的书面语，所以需要引起考生的注意。
2、紧握一条时态主线
时态问题一直是英语备考中的难点，有些考生经常在一篇文章中出现两种或两种以上的时态，将这些时态混合使用的同时也增加了语法错误出现的频率。我们来看下面的例句：
This great loss had kill Mrs. white, but actually this free her from her husband.（错误）
This great loss had killed Mrs. white, but actually this freed her from her husband.（正确）
建议考生在考场上作文的写作过程中，尽量紧握一条时态主线，一是来写起来操作性强，二来让阅卷老师看的“明明白白”。写作时经常使用的语法依次是：一般现在时、一般将来时、现在完成时、一般过去时和现在进行时。
3、闪光词汇必不可少
在考场作文中，but 、because之类词汇使得阅卷老师打不起精神，直接将文章打为C类，而高级词汇的使用使得阅卷老师眼前一亮，尤其是真题中文章的精彩表述方式，考生要勤加总结。
4、增强语言说服力
在阐述某种观点、说明某项情况的时候，考生要通过自己的语言让阅读者信服，那么就要通过文中的句子来增强自己的说服力，如何增强呢？小编有两个好方法，一是引用名人话语，二是使用被动句。增强文章说服力，使文章不再“徒有其表”。
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.(2007年阅读理解Text 4) 真题的文章中出现引用名家话语是十分常见的成文规则，从侧面说明作者观点，同时经常是命题老师命题的高频出题点。
被动句也是一个很好的法宝，将被动句视为对客观事实的陈述，我们看下面的例子：
We find some use of computers in various fields.（主动句）
Computers have been widely used in various fields.（被动句）
可以看出，被动句更像是对时事的陈述。但是需要注意的是，不要过多使用，每篇出现两至三个比较合适，过犹不及。多使用被动句，让文章论点更容易“站住脚”。
更多英语学习资料可查看：平和英语村-问答平台
平和英语村-学习资料
平和英语村-学习平台
双语阅读：爱因斯坦给自己女儿的一封信
英语阅读 • cara_wu 发表了文章 • 0 个评论 • 3727 次浏览 • 2017-07-10 14:35
在上世纪80年代末，丽瑟尔，那个著名天才的女儿，她为希伯来大学捐赠了1400封其父亲书写的信，要求在爱因斯坦去世后20年内不得公布其内容。这是众多信件当中的一封——《致丽瑟尔·爱因斯坦》。
When I proposed the theory of relativity, very few understood me, and what I will reveal now to transmit to mankind will also collide with the misunderstanding and prejudice in the world.
当我提出相对论时，几乎很少有人能够理解我所说的，而我现在向全人类揭示的理论将会与世人对此的误解与偏见格格不入。
I ask you to guard the letters as long as necessary, years, decades, until society is advanced enough to accept what I will explain below.
我要求你保护好这些信件，直到社会发展的足够现代化可以接受我下面要解释的话的时候，才可以公布，有必要话，哪怕几年，几十年，都要守护着它们。
There is an extremely powerful force that, so far, science has not found a formal explanation to. It is a force that includes and governs all others, and is even behind any phenomenon operating in the universe and has not yet been identified by us. This universal force is LOVE.
到目前来看，有一种异常强大的力量，科学上对其还没找到一种合理的解释。它是一种囊括和掌管着所有人的力量，甚至能够躲藏在任一宇宙运动现象的背后，且仍未被我们认知。这种万能的力量就是爱。
When scientists looked for a unified theory of the universe they forgot the most powerful unseen force. Love is Light, that enlightens those who give and receive it. Love is gravity, because it makes some people feel attracted to others. Love is power, because it multiplies the best we have, and allows humanity not to be extinguished in their blind selfishness.
当科学家们忙于寻找宇宙真理时，他们忘了这种最强大的无形之力。爱可以是光，照亮所有给予和收获它的人。爱可以是重力，因为它产生了一种吸引力。爱还可以是力量，因为让我们所拥有的成倍增加，使人性免于在盲目的自私中灭绝。
Love unfolds and reveals. For love we live and die. Love is God and God is Love.
爱揭示一切真理。我们为爱而生，也因爱而死。爱是上帝，上帝是爱。
This force explains everything and gives meaning to life. This is the variable that we have ignored for too long, maybe because we are afraid of love because it is the only energy in the universe that man has not learned to drive at will.
这种力量解释了一切，也赋予了生命的意义。我们早已忽视这种力量的变化太久太久了，也许是因为我们惶恐去爱，因为它是宇宙中唯一人类还没有学会游刃有余去掌握的力量。
To give visibility to love, I made a simple substitution in my most famous equation. If instead of E = mc2, we accept that the energy to heal the world can be obtained through love multiplied by the speed of light squared, we arrive at the conclusion that love is the most powerful force there is, because it has no limits.
为了能把爱清晰的表现出来，我在自己最著名的方程式中做了一个简单的替换。如果我们接受爱乘以光速的平方来代替E = MC2，那么这个等式的能量可以达到治愈整个世界的目的，所以我们得出的结论是，爱是最强大的力量，因为它无边无际。
After the failure of humanity in the use and control of the other forces of the universe that have turned against us, it is urgent that we nourish ourselves with another kind of energy…
当人类试图控制使用宇宙中对抗我们的力量却遭遇失败时，我们必须赶紧用另一种能量治愈。
If we want our species to survive, if we are to find meaning in life, if we want to save the world and every sentient being that inhabits it, love is the one and only answer.
如果我们希望万物得以存活，希望找到生存的意义，希望拯救世界以及世上每个有意识的生命，爱是唯一的答案。
Perhaps we are not yet ready to make a bomb of love, a device powerful enough to entirely destroy the hate, selfishness and greed that devastate the planet.
也许我们仍没有准备好去制造一颗爱的炸弹，以用来彻底的摧毁掉被仇恨、自私和贪婪所蹂躏的星球。
However, each individual carries within them a small but powerful generator of love whose energy is waiting to be released.
然而，每一个人都有一种小巧而又强大如发电机般的爱，它住在心里正等待着被人们释放出来。
When we learn to give and receive this universal energy, dear Lieserl, we will have affirmed that love conquers all, is able to transcend everything and anything, because love is the quintessence of life.
当我们学会给予和接受这股力量的时候，我亲爱的丽瑟尔，我们可以说，爱能战胜一切，能超越所有的一切，因为爱是生命的精髓！
I deeply regret not having been able to express what is in my heart, which has quietly beaten for you all my life. Maybe it's too late to apologize, but as time is relative, I need to tell you that I love you and thanks to you I have reached the ultimate answer!
我最大的遗憾是没能在生前表达出我内心的话，但我整个人生早已默默地为你感到骄傲。也许现在道歉已经太迟了，但随着时间的推移，我想告诉你女儿我爱你，感谢你，我已经得到了最终的答案！
Your father,
你的父亲
Albert Einstein
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 查看全部
在上世纪80年代末，丽瑟尔，那个著名天才的女儿，她为希伯来大学捐赠了1400封其父亲书写的信，要求在爱因斯坦去世后20年内不得公布其内容。这是众多信件当中的一封——《致丽瑟尔·爱因斯坦》。
When I proposed the theory of relativity, very few understood me, and what I will reveal now to transmit to mankind will also collide with the misunderstanding and prejudice in the world.
当我提出相对论时，几乎很少有人能够理解我所说的，而我现在向全人类揭示的理论将会与世人对此的误解与偏见格格不入。
I ask you to guard the letters as long as necessary, years, decades, until society is advanced enough to accept what I will explain below.
我要求你保护好这些信件，直到社会发展的足够现代化可以接受我下面要解释的话的时候，才可以公布，有必要话，哪怕几年，几十年，都要守护着它们。
There is an extremely powerful force that, so far, science has not found a formal explanation to. It is a force that includes and governs all others, and is even behind any phenomenon operating in the universe and has not yet been identified by us. This universal force is LOVE.
到目前来看，有一种异常强大的力量，科学上对其还没找到一种合理的解释。它是一种囊括和掌管着所有人的力量，甚至能够躲藏在任一宇宙运动现象的背后，且仍未被我们认知。这种万能的力量就是爱。
When scientists looked for a unified theory of the universe they forgot the most powerful unseen force. Love is Light, that enlightens those who give and receive it. Love is gravity, because it makes some people feel attracted to others. Love is power, because it multiplies the best we have, and allows humanity not to be extinguished in their blind selfishness.
当科学家们忙于寻找宇宙真理时，他们忘了这种最强大的无形之力。爱可以是光，照亮所有给予和收获它的人。爱可以是重力，因为它产生了一种吸引力。爱还可以是力量，因为让我们所拥有的成倍增加，使人性免于在盲目的自私中灭绝。
Love unfolds and reveals. For love we live and die. Love is God and God is Love.
爱揭示一切真理。我们为爱而生，也因爱而死。爱是上帝，上帝是爱。
This force explains everything and gives meaning to life. This is the variable that we have ignored for too long, maybe because we are afraid of love because it is the only energy in the universe that man has not learned to drive at will.
这种力量解释了一切，也赋予了生命的意义。我们早已忽视这种力量的变化太久太久了，也许是因为我们惶恐去爱，因为它是宇宙中唯一人类还没有学会游刃有余去掌握的力量。
To give visibility to love, I made a simple substitution in my most famous equation. If instead of E = mc2, we accept that the energy to heal the world can be obtained through love multiplied by the speed of light squared, we arrive at the conclusion that love is the most powerful force there is, because it has no limits.
为了能把爱清晰的表现出来，我在自己最著名的方程式中做了一个简单的替换。如果我们接受爱乘以光速的平方来代替E = MC2，那么这个等式的能量可以达到治愈整个世界的目的，所以我们得出的结论是，爱是最强大的力量，因为它无边无际。
After the failure of humanity in the use and control of the other forces of the universe that have turned against us, it is urgent that we nourish ourselves with another kind of energy…
当人类试图控制使用宇宙中对抗我们的力量却遭遇失败时，我们必须赶紧用另一种能量治愈。
If we want our species to survive, if we are to find meaning in life, if we want to save the world and every sentient being that inhabits it, love is the one and only answer.
如果我们希望万物得以存活，希望找到生存的意义，希望拯救世界以及世上每个有意识的生命，爱是唯一的答案。
Perhaps we are not yet ready to make a bomb of love, a device powerful enough to entirely destroy the hate, selfishness and greed that devastate the planet.
也许我们仍没有准备好去制造一颗爱的炸弹，以用来彻底的摧毁掉被仇恨、自私和贪婪所蹂躏的星球。
However, each individual carries within them a small but powerful generator of love whose energy is waiting to be released.
然而，每一个人都有一种小巧而又强大如发电机般的爱，它住在心里正等待着被人们释放出来。
When we learn to give and receive this universal energy, dear Lieserl, we will have affirmed that love conquers all, is able to transcend everything and anything, because love is the quintessence of life.
当我们学会给予和接受这股力量的时候，我亲爱的丽瑟尔，我们可以说，爱能战胜一切，能超越所有的一切，因为爱是生命的精髓！
I deeply regret not having been able to express what is in my heart, which has quietly beaten for you all my life. Maybe it's too late to apologize, but as time is relative, I need to tell you that I love you and thanks to you I have reached the ultimate answer!
我最大的遗憾是没能在生前表达出我内心的话，但我整个人生早已默默地为你感到骄傲。也许现在道歉已经太迟了，但随着时间的推移，我想告诉你女儿我爱你，感谢你，我已经得到了最终的答案！
Your father,
你的父亲
Albert Einstein
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦
商务英语写作：9个关于英文邮件写作的强大例句
英语写作 • cara_wu 发表了文章 • 7 个评论 • 3339 次浏览 • 2017-07-10 12:20
1. Thanks note 感谢信
Thank you so much for the cooperation。
感谢你的合作！
I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project。
对如此紧急的项目您做出的努力我表示十分感谢。
Thanks for your attention!
谢谢关心！
Your kind assistance on this are very much appreciated。
我们对您的协助表示感谢。
Really appreciate your help!
非常感谢您的帮助！
2. Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestions 咨询信息/反馈/建议
Shall you have any problem accessing the folders, please let me know.
如果存取文件有任何问题请和我联系。
Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule。
谢谢你，希望能听到更多你对评估和日程计划的建议。
Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon。
期待您的反馈建议！
What is your opinion on the schedule and next steps we proposed?
你对计划方面有什么想法？下一步我们应该怎么做？
What do you think about this?
这个你怎么想？
Feel free to give your comments。
请随意提出您的建议。
Any question, please don’t hesitate to let me know。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Any question, please let me know。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Please contact me if you have any questions。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Your comments and suggestions are welcome!
欢迎您的评论和建议！
Please let me know what you think?
欢迎您的评论和建议！
Do you have any idea about this?
对于这个您有什么建议吗？
It would be nice if you could provide a bit more information on the user’s behavior。
您若是能够就用户行为方面提供更多的信息就太感激了！
At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue。
如果可以，我希望你能负责这件事情。
查看全部
Thank you so much for the cooperation。
感谢你的合作！
I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project。
对如此紧急的项目您做出的努力我表示十分感谢。
Thanks for your attention!
谢谢关心！
Your kind assistance on this are very much appreciated。
我们对您的协助表示感谢。
Really appreciate your help!
非常感谢您的帮助！
2. Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestions 咨询信息/反馈/建议
Shall you have any problem accessing the folders, please let me know.
如果存取文件有任何问题请和我联系。
Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule。
谢谢你，希望能听到更多你对评估和日程计划的建议。
Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon。
期待您的反馈建议！
What is your opinion on the schedule and next steps we proposed?
你对计划方面有什么想法？下一步我们应该怎么做？
What do you think about this?
这个你怎么想？
Feel free to give your comments。
请随意提出您的建议。
Any question, please don’t hesitate to let me know。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Any question, please let me know。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Please contact me if you have any questions。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Your comments and suggestions are welcome!
欢迎您的评论和建议！
Please let me know what you think?
欢迎您的评论和建议！
Do you have any idea about this?
对于这个您有什么建议吗？
It would be nice if you could provide a bit more information on the user’s behavior。
您若是能够就用户行为方面提供更多的信息就太感激了！
At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue。
如果可以，我希望你能负责这件事情。
查看全部
1. Thanks note 感谢信
Thank you so much for the cooperation。
感谢你的合作！
I really appreciate the effort you all made for this sudden and tight project。
对如此紧急的项目您做出的努力我表示十分感谢。
Thanks for your attention!
谢谢关心！
Your kind assistance on this are very much appreciated。
我们对您的协助表示感谢。
Really appreciate your help!
非常感谢您的帮助！
2. Seeking for more information/feedbacks/suggestions 咨询信息/反馈/建议
Shall you have any problem accessing the folders, please let me know.
如果存取文件有任何问题请和我联系。
Thank you and look forward to having your opinion on the estimation and schedule。
谢谢你，希望能听到更多你对评估和日程计划的建议。
Look forward to your feedbacks and suggestions soon。
期待您的反馈建议！
What is your opinion on the schedule and next steps we proposed?
你对计划方面有什么想法？下一步我们应该怎么做？
What do you think about this?
这个你怎么想？
Feel free to give your comments。
请随意提出您的建议。
Any question, please don’t hesitate to let me know。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Any question, please let me know。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Please contact me if you have any questions。
有任何问题，欢迎和我们联系。
Your comments and suggestions are welcome!
欢迎您的评论和建议！
Please let me know what you think?
欢迎您的评论和建议！
Do you have any idea about this?
对于这个您有什么建议吗？
It would be nice if you could provide a bit more information on the user’s behavior。
您若是能够就用户行为方面提供更多的信息就太感激了！
At your convenience, I would really appreciate you looking into this matter/issue。
如果可以，我希望你能负责这件事情。
